Battle of Okinawa in World War II

The Battle of Okinawa was one of the largest and costliest military actions during World War II (1939–1945) and lasted between April 1 and June 22, 1945. Forces Commanders Allies Fleet Admiral Chester NimitzAdmiral Raymond SpruanceAdmiral Sir Bruce FraserLieutenant General Simon B. Buckner, Jr.Lieutenant General Roy GeigerGeneral Joseph Stilwell183,000 men Japanese General Mitsuru UshijimaLieutenant General Isamu ChoVice Admiral Minoru Ota100,000 men Background Having island-hopped across the Pacific, Allied forces sought to capture an island near Japan to serve as a base for air operations in support of the proposed invasion of the Japanese home islands. Assessing their options, the Allies decided to land on Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands. Dubbed Operation Iceberg, planning began with Lieutenant General Simon B. Buckners 10th Army tasked with taking the island. The operation was scheduled to move forward following the conclusion of fighting on Iwo Jima which had been invaded in February 1945. To support the invasion at sea, Admiral Chester Nimitz assigned Admiral Raymond Spruances U.S. 5th Fleet (Map). This included the carriers Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitschers Fast Carrier Task Force (Task Force 58). Allied Forces For the coming campaign, Buckner possessed nearly 200,000 men. These were contained in Major General Roy Geigers III Amphibious Corps (1st and 6th Marine Divisions) and Major General John Hodges XXIV Corps (7th and 96th Infantry Divisions). In addition, Buckner controlled the 27th and 77th Infantry Divisions, as well as the 2nd Marine Division. Having effectively eliminated the bulk of the Japanese surface fleet at engagements such as the Battle of the Philippine Sea and the Battle of Leyte Gulf, Spruances 5th Fleet was largely unopposed at sea. As part of his command, he possessed Admiral Sir Bruce Frasers British Pacific Fleet (BPF/Task Force 57). Featuring armored flight decks, the BPFs carriers proved more resistant to damage from Japanese kamikazes and were tasked with providing cover for the invasion force as well as striking enemy airfields in the  Sakishima Islands. Japanese Forces The defense of Okinawa was initially entrusted to General Mitsuru Ushijimas 32nd Army which consisted of the 9th, 24th, and 62nd Divisions and the 44th Independent Mixed Brigade. In the weeks before the American invasion, the 9th Division was ordered to Formosa forcing Ushijima to alter his defensive plans. Numbering between 67,000 and 77,000 men, his command was further supported by Rear Admiral Minoru Otas 9,000 Imperial Japanese Navy troops at Oroku. To augment his forces further, Ushijima drafted nearly 40,000 civilians to serve as reserve militia and rear-echelon laborers. In planning his strategy, Ushijima intended to mount his primary defense in the southern part of the island and entrusted fighting at the northern end to Colonel Takehido Udo. Additionally, plans were made to employ large-scale kamikaze tactics against the Allied invasion fleet. Campaign at Sea The naval campaign against Okinawa began in late March 1945, as the carriers of the BPF began striking Japanese airfields in the Sakishima Islands. To the east of Okinawa, Mitschers carrier provided cover from kamikazes approaching from Kyushu. Japanese air attacks proved light the first several days of the campaign but increased on April 6 when a force of 400 aircraft attempted to attack the fleet. The high point of the naval campaign came on April 7 when the Japanese launched Operation Ten-Go. This saw them attempt to run the battleship Yamato through the Allied fleet with the goal of beaching it on Okinawa for use a shore battery. Intercepted by Allied aircraft, Yamato and its escorts were immediately attacked. Struck by multiple waves of torpedo bombers and dive bombers from Mitschers carriers, the battleship was sunk that afternoon. As the land battle progressed, Allied naval vessels remained in the area and were subjected to a relentless succession of kamikaze attacks. Flying around 1,900 kamikaze missions, the Japanese sunk 36 Allied ships, mostly amphibious vessels and destroyers. An additional 368 were damaged. As a result of these attacks, 4,907 sailors were killed and 4,874 were wounded. Due to the protracted and exhausting nature of the campaign, Nimitz took the drastic step of relieving his principal commanders at Okinawa to allow them to rest and recuperate. As result, Spruance was relieved by Admiral William Halsey in late May and Allied naval forces were re-designated the 3rd Fleet. Going Ashore Initial U.S. landings began on March 26 when elements of the 77th Infantry Division captured the Kerama Islands to the west of Okinawa. On March 31, Marines occupied Keise Shima. Only eight miles from Okinawa, the Marines quickly emplaced artillery on these islets to support future operations. The main assault moved forward against the Hagushi beaches on the west coast of Okinawa on April 1. This was supported by a feint against the Minatoga beaches on the southeast coast by the 2nd Marine Division. Coming ashore, Geiger and Hodges men quickly swept across the south-central part of the island capturing the Kadena and Yomitan airfields (Map). Having encountered light resistance, Buckner ordered the 6th Marine Division to begin clearing the northern part of the island. Proceeding up the Ishikawa Isthmus, they battled through rough terrain before encountering the main Japanese defenses on the Motobu Peninsula. Centered on the ridges of Yae-Take, the Japanese mounted a tenacious defense before being overcome on April 18. Two days earlier, the 77th Infantry Division landed on the island of Ie Shima offshore. In five days of fighting, they secured the island and its airfield. During this brief campaign, famed war correspondent Ernie Pyle was killed by Japanese machine gun fire. Grinding South Though fighting in the northern part of the island was concluded in fairly rapid fashion, the southern part proved a different story. Though he did not expect to defeat the Allies, Ushijima sought to make their victory as costly as possible. To this end, he had constructed elaborate systems of fortifications in the rugged terrain of southern Okinawa. Pushing south, Allied troops fought a bitter battle to capture Cactus Ridge on April 8, before moving against Kakazu Ridge. Forming part of Ushijimas Machinato Line, the ridge was a formidable obstacle and an initial American assault was repulsed (Map). Counterattacking, Ushijima sent his men forward on the nights of April 12 and 14, but was turned back both times. Reinforced by the 27th Infantry Division, Hodge launched a massive offensive on April 19 backed by the largest artillery bombardment (324 guns) employed during the island-hopping campaign. In five days of brutal fighting, U.S. troops forced the Japanese to abandon the Machinato Line and fall back to a new line in front of Shuri. As much of the fighting in the south had been conducted by Hodges men, Geigers divisions entered the fray in early May. On May 4, Ushijima again counterattacked, but heavy losses caused him to halt his efforts the next day. Achieving Victory Making skillful use of caves, fortifications, and the terrain, the Japanese clung to the Shuri Line limiting Allied gains and inflicting high losses. Much of the fighting centered on heights known as Sugar Loaf and Conical Hill. In heavy fighting between May 11 and 21, the 96th Infantry Division succeeded in taking the latter and flanking the Japanese position. Taking Shuri, Buckner pursued the retreating Japanese but was hampered by heavy monsoon rains. Assuming a new position on the Kiyan Peninsula, Ushijima prepared to make his last stand. While troops eliminated the IJN forces at Oroku, Buckner pushed south against the new Japanese lines. By June 14, his men had begun to breach Ushijimas final line along the Yaeju Dake Escarpment. Compressing the enemy into three pockets, Buckner sought to eliminate enemy resistance. On June 18, he was killed by enemy artillery while at the front. Command on the island passed to Geiger who became the only Marine to oversee large formations of the U.S. Army during the conflict. Five days later, he turned command over to General Joseph Stilwell.   A veteran of the fighting in China, Stilwell saw the campaign through until its finish. On June 21, the island was declared secure, though fighting lasted another week as the last Japanese forces were mopped up. Defeated, Ushijima committed hara-kiri on June 22. Aftermath One of the longest and costliest battles of the Pacific Theater, Okinawa saw American forces sustain 49,151 casualties (12,520 killed), while the Japanese incurred 117,472 (110,071 killed). In addition, 142,058 civilians became casualties. Though effectively reduced to a wasteland, Okinawa quickly became a key military asset for the Allies as it provided a key fleet anchorage and troop staging areas. In addition, it gave the Allies airfields that were only 350 miles from Japan. Selected Sources U.S. Army: Okinawa - The Last BattleHistoryNet: Battle of OkinawaGlobal Security: Battle of OkinawaU.S. Army: Okinawa - The Last Battle

A Comparison of Two Newspaper Articles - 780 Words

A Comparison of Two Newspaper Articles In this coursework B I would be comparing two news articles from two different sources. This coursework will be divided into three parts. The background and context, the view of both articles i.e. use of languages, headlines, quotes used e.t.c the last part will be my opinion and the conclusion. The main idea is to compare two news articles about a prison called Guantanomo bay in Cubaand how the prisoners are being treated, if the prisoners require a fair trial, if torture is going on and so on. These two articles are gotten from the internet the websites are www.dailymail.co.uk and www.bbc.co.uk. These two sources have different ways of reporting†¦show more content†¦The prisoners in guantanomo bay are about 450 from at least 43 different countries. The main reason behind the arrest is to find out if any one or groups of the suspected prisoners had anything to do with the September 11 attack. The Guantanamo bay is outside the US and it has a major difference between all the prisons in US. The difference is that the prison doesnt obey the UN declaration of human rights which is: right for free trial before being sentenced to prison, the right for everyone to be allowed any form of defence.g lawyers during the trial. This two newspaper articles were derived from their websites dailymail.co.uk and bbc.co.uk are giving information on if the prisoners are being tortured. According to the BBC article prisoners do not have any contact with their families, they where just arrested without trial and they are facing interrogations with torture. On the other hand the article from the dailymail says that president bush denies having anything to do with the torture of the prisoners as he claims he didnt other anything of that order. 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Cruelty To Animals Essay Research Paper A free essay sample

Cruelty To Animals Essay, Research Paper A alone rat, powwows in the corner of it s coop, invariably in fright, expecting the ship of destiny to sail down and pick it up. Test tubing, beakers, pipettors and flasks seem like a whole complete universe looming around the coop amongst the baseball mitts, pens, paper and safety spectacless. The aroma of bactericidal lingers in the chemical filled air. As it sleeps, it tries to barricade out the squeals of hurting repeating from all waies in the room and it hopes that it wont be the following 1 to be pulled out. While this rat is populating in a province of changeless fright, there are 1000s of other monkeys, cats, Canis familiariss, coneies, hogs, sheep, guinea hogs and phalangers are being injected, scraped, plucked, burnt, soaked and force Federal around the Earth. You may non cognize it but many well-known trade name merchandises on your mundane supermarket shelves test their merchandises on animate beings before they send them out into the market. We will write a custom essay sample on Cruelty To Animals Essay Research Paper A or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Why do these companies do this? Knowing that following proving methods that are more cost effectual, better forecasters of human hurt, quicker consequences and don T involve animate being inhuman treatment, companies still test on animate beings due to the fright of human safety and merchandise liability suits. Annually, Australia spends about $ 20 billion on wellness. 99.3 % of this colossal sum of money goes to physicians, infirmaries, drugs and surgery-much of which is based on carnal experimentation and all of which is an action after the event. Hideous experiments are conducted on helpless animate beings without the concern of the animate beings good being. Some inhumane workss that have been discovered include, baby monkeys holding their eyes sewn up, puppies being involved in burn trials and a Canis familiaris that has had an another Canis familiaris s caput attached to it s organic structure. However, there are still some companies that do non prove on animate beings such as Revlon, Avon, Australis and Estee Lauder. They adopt alternate techniques such as in-vitro trials, computing machine package, human clinical tests and maintaining databases of trials already done which is to avoid dup lication trials. Some of these experiments include in-vitro methods that tests skin irritancy by utilizing pumpkin rind to copy the reaction of a foreign substance on human tegument. Surveies of diseases of other civilizations, life manners, diets: human instance surveies, necropsy studies and statistical analyses of effects of assorted factors on the incidence of disease and utilizing cast-off human placentas may be used for mocrovascular surgery pattern and can supply accurate informations for sensitiveness to chemicals. Even though that carnal experimentation has non yet desisted, companies have made an attempt to cut down the sum of animate being experiments being carried out. The Replace, Reduce, Refine construct is a good illustration. Replace refers to replacing carnal trials with other 1s that include utilizing tissue civilizations that can be grown in glass or plastic dishes. When proving a new medical specialty or merchandise ingredient, scientists are urged to cut down the figure of animate beings in the list to the bare lower limit. Finally scientists refine their trials to do certain that the animate beings are every bit comfy as possible and that research lab trials do non bring down any hurting on the animate beings. Due to this construct the figure of animate beings used in proving has decreases by more than 40 % in the last 20 old ages. The usage of carnal experimentation is besides non ever successful. Dr. Kenneth Starr from the New South Wales Cancer Council quotes, It is non possible to use to the human species experimental information deprives from bring oning malignant neoplastic disease in animate beings. Animals are wholly different to worlds ; even though Primatess are our closest dealingss, their anatomy is non indistinguishable to that of ours. There have been instances where drugs and merchandises that have had harmless effects on animate beings, but have caused major defects in worlds and vice-versa. For illustration, some illustrations of exhaustively tested drugs that have injured or killed worlds include Amydopyrine which was used as a hurting slayer but was discovered to do blood disease and Chlomycin used for enteric fever but caused leukaemia, cardiovascular prostration and hence decease.

Taiwan And International Trade Essays - International Trade

Taiwan And International Trade Taiwan, an island, is separated from the mainland of South China by the 100-mile-wide Taiwan Strait in the Pacific Ocean and is the seat of the Republic of China government (ROC). The capital of Taiwan is Taipei and other major cities include Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichong, and Chilung. The languages spoken are the Mandarin, Fujianese (Amoy), and Hakka dialects. Religions on the island include Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and Christianity. THE ECONOMY OF TAIWAN The 1990s have been a time of change and achievement for Taiwan. Politically, Taiwan has undergone a dramatic transition from an authoritarian government to a true democracy and on the economic front, Taiwan has continued to prosper. For the past 20 years, Taiwan has had one of the fastest growing and most dynamic economies in the world. With over $80 billion US in foreign capital reserves, an average growth rate of 7.8 percent between 1986 and 1996, and a per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of $15,000, Taiwan has become a powerhouse in the global economy.1 Its remarkable success comes after five decades of hard work and sound economic management that have transformed Taiwan from an underdeveloped agricultural island to a leading producer of high-technology goods. Helping to spur this extraordinary growth during the last two decades were supportive U.S. policies that began with the 1979 Taiwan Relations Act (TRA). It maintained Taiwan's preferential trade status when formal diplomatic relations were severed in favor of the People's Republic of China (PRC). In 1979, Taiwan's economy was rapidly expanding and was beginning to fully integrate into the new global economy. It exported $5.6 billion to the United States and had $7 billion in foreign exchange reserves.2 Taiwan produced a variety of products, specializing in textiles, consumer goods, and petrochemicals. U.S. corporations were beginning to invest heavily in Taiwan when the U.S. government severed the official diplomatic relations it had maintained with the Republic of China for three decades. This abrupt loss of recognition created consternation among foreign investors and Taiwan's trading partners. International contracts, which had once been secure through treaties and formal diplomatic ties, suddenly came into question. The Taiwan Relations Act, however, calmed the fears of investors by creating a framework that allowed trade and finance to continue unhindered. The TRA sent the clear message that the U.S. intended to maintain a close relationship with Taiwan and encouraged business ties with the island. Specifically, the act mandated that all treaties and agreements remain in effect, ensuring that contracts could still be enforced. In addition, it authorized funding for Taiwan from the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), which provides insurance, loans and guarantees to businesses investing abroad. Thanks in large measure to OPIC's continued programs, trade and investment tripled over the next decade between the U.S. and the ROC, helping to maintain Taiwan's economic boom. In the 1980s, Taiwan's economy shifted dramatically toward sophisticated, capital and technology-intensive products for export and toward developing the service sector. A generation ago, farming accounted for 30 percent of GDP and basic manufacturing represented half of the economy. Today, farming comprises only 3.3 percent of GDP while services are almost two-thirds of GDP.3 Taiwan now boasts one of the fastest growing high-tech sectors in the world and has been called "Silicon East" by Forbes Magazine. Today, Taiwan is the fourth-largest maker of computer chips, producing 69 percent of the world's scanners and over half of the world's computer monitors.4 Through the 1990s, Taiwan's economic growth rate ranked ninth in the world according to the World Bank, and for the last decade, Taiwan posted an average growth rate of 6.2 percent each year compared with the average growth rate worldwide of just 2.4 percent.5 During that period, the U.S. achieved growth of 3.1 percent per year, while Japan grew by only 1.2 percent, as it experienced its worst recession since World War II.6 Inflation, too, has largely been tamed; World Bank statistics show that Taiwan's average annual inflation rate in the first nine years of the last decade stood at just 3.2 percent, and this figure has declined since.7 Throughout the Asian Economic Crisis, which began in late 1997, Taiwan's economy showed great resilience. Nothing, it seemed, could derail Taiwan's powerful economy. When the Asian economic crisis was at its worst, Taiwan posted annual GDP growth of 4.83 percent, while most of its Asian neighbors plunged into recession.8 Western press reports painted a glowing picture of the island's economic strength. The Economist noted that "one of Asia's so-called Tigers . . . has fared better than the rest. While Korea and Southeast Asia are struggling,